Provinces of Indonesia and Administrative divisions of Indonesia

Administratively, Indonesia consists of 34 provinces, five of which have special status. Each province has its own legislature and governor. The provinces are subdivided into regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), which are further subdivided into districts (kecamatan or distrik in Papua and West Papua), and again into administrative villages (either desa, kelurahan, kampung, nagari in West Sumatra, or gampong in Aceh). Village is the lowest level of government administration in Indonesia.

Furthermore, a village is divided into several community groups (Rukun-Warga (RW)) which are further divided into neighbourhood groups (Rukun-Tetangga (RT)). In Java the desa (village) is divided further into smaller units called dusun or dukuh (hamlets), these units are the same as Rukun-Warga. Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, the regencies and cities have become the key administrative units, responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life and handles matters of a village or neighborhood through an elected lurah or kepala desa (village chief). The provinces of Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, and West Papua have greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. The Acehnese government, for example, has the right to create certain elements of an independent legal system; in 2003, it instituted a form of Sharia Law (Islamic law). Yogyakarta was granted the status of Special Region in recognition of its pivotal role in supporting Indonesian Republicans during the Indonesian Revolution and its willingness to join Indonesia as a republic.[83] Papua, formerly known as Irian Jaya, was granted special autonomy status in 2001 and was split into Papua and West Papua in February 2003 Jakarta is the country's special capital region.

The official philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state

Pancasila is the official philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state. Pancasila consists of two Old Javanese words (originally from Sanskrit), "pañca" meaning five, and "sīla" meaning principles. It comprises five principles held to be inseparable and interrelated:

1. Belief in the one and only God, (in Indonesian, Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa).

2. Just and civilized humanity, (in Indonesian, Kemanusiaan Yang Adil dan

    Beradab).

3. The unity of Indonesia, (in Indonesian, Persatuan Indonesia).

4. Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of
  deliberations amongst representatives (in Indonesian, Kerakyatan Yang
  Dipimpin oleh Hikmat Kebijaksanaan, Dalam Permusyawaratan dan
  Perwakilan)

5. Social justice for all of the people of Indonesia (in Indonesian, Keadilan Sosial
   bagi seluruh Rakyat Indonesia)

History

In 1945, facing the need to pull together the diverse archipelago, the future President Sukarno promulgated Pancasila as philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state (Indonesian: "Dasar Negara"). Sukarno's political philosophy was mainly a fusion of elements of socialism, nationalism and monotheism. This is reflected in a proposition of his version of Pancasila he presented on 1 June 1945, to the Investigating Committee for the Preparation of Independence (Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan, BPUPK), in a speech known as "The Birth of the Pancasila"

1. Kebangsaan Indonesia (Indonesian Nationality), an emphasis on Nationalism

2. Internasionalisme (Internationalism), an emphasis on justice and humanity

3. Musyawarah Mufakat (Deliberative Consensus), an emphasis on Representative democracy which holds no ethnic dominance but an equal vote for each member of the council

4. Kesejahteraan Sosial (Social Welfare), influenced by the idea of the welfare state, an emphasis on populist Socialism

5. KeTuhanan yang Berkebudayaan, an emphasis on monotheism and religiosity

After several BPUPKI meetings, the five principles (sila) proposed by Sukarno were rearranged. The fifth sila concerning religiosity was promoted to become the first sila. Internationalism, justice and humanity remain as parts of the second sila. The previously first sila about nationalism became the third sila about Indonesian unity. The third and fourth sila about democracy and social warfare become the fourth and fifth sila.

Republic of Indonesia

Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 34 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's sixteenth largest by nominal GDP and fifteenth largest by purchasing power parity.

The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change. Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest—and politically dominant—ethnic group are the Javanese. A shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources, yet poverty remains widespread.

Gotong Royong was an ethical principle of sociality at Javanese people

An enormous inventory of highly specific and often quite intricate institutions for effecting the cooperation in work, politics, and personal relations alike, vaguely gathered under culturally charged and fairly well indefinable value-images--rukun ("mutual adjustment"), gotong royong ("joint bearing of burdens"), tolong-menolong ("reciprocal assistance")--governs social interaction with a force as sovereign as it is subdued.


Anthropologist Robert A. Hahn writes:
Javanese culture is stratified by social class and by level of adherence to Islam. ...Traditional Javanese culture does not emphasize material wealth. ...There is respect for those who contribute to the general village welfare over personal gain. And the spirit of gotong royong, or volunteerism, is promoted as a cultural value. Gotong royong has long functioned as the scale of the village, as a moral conception of the political economy. However, as the political economy became more privatized, capitalistic, and individualistic, gotong royong has probably waned.[citation needed] Pottier records the impact of the Green Revolution in Java: "Before the GR, 'Java' had relatively 'open' markets, in which many local people were rewarded in kind. With the GR, rural labour markets began to foster 'exclusionary practices'... This resulted in a general loss of rights, especially secure harvesting rights within a context of mutual cooperation, known as gotong royong." Citing Ann Stoler's ethnography from the 1970s, Pottier writes that that cash was replacing exchange, that old patron-client ties were breaking, and that social relations were becoming characterized more by employer-employee qualities.

Ideas of reciprocity, ancient and deeply enmeshed aspects of kampung morality, were seized upon by postcolonial politicians. John Sidel writes: "Ironically, national-level politicians drew on " village conceptions of adat and gotong royong. They drew on notions "of traditional community to justify new forms of authoritarian rule." During the presidency of Sukarno, the idea of gotong royong was officially elevated to a central tenet of Indonesian life. For Sukarno, (1st President Indonesian) the new nation was to be synonymous with gotong royong. He said that the Pancasila could be reduced to the idea of gotong royong. On June 1, 1945, Sukarno said of the Pancasila:
The first two principles, nationalism and internationalism, can be pressed to one, which I used to call 'socionationalism.' Similarly with democracy 'which is not the democracy of the West' together with social justice for all can be pressed down to one, and called socio democracy. Finally - belief in God. 'And so what originally was five has become three: socio nationalism, socio democracy, and belief in God.' 'If I press down five to get three, and three to get one, then I have a genuine Indonesian term - GOTONG ROYONG [mutual co-operation]. The state of Indonesia which we are to establish should be a state of mutual co-operation. How fine that is ! A Gotong Royong state!

In 1960, Sukarno (1st President Indonesian) dissolved the elected parliament and implemented the Gotong Royong Parliament. Governor of Jakarta, Ali Sadikin, spoke of a desire to reinvigorate urban areas with village sociality, with gotong royong.

Suharto's (2nd President Indonesian) New Order was characterized by much discourse about tradition. During the New Order, Siskamling harnessed the idea of gotong royong. By the 1990s, if not sooner, gotong royong had been "fossilized" by New Order sloganeering.

Campursari Music Art Culture the Original of Java

Campursari term in the world of Indonesia's national music refers to a mixture of (crossover) several genres of contemporary music of Indonesia. Campursari name is taken from the actual Java language is common. Music campursari in the central to eastern Java, in particular related to the modification of gamelan musical instruments that can be combined with western musical instruments, or vice versa. In fact, these instruments 'foreign' this 'subject' in the grip favored local music: Java style and gending. Campursari first popularized by Manthous by incorporating keyboards into the gamelan orchestra in the late 1980s through the ensemble "Forward Current". Then the rapid entry of new elements such as Java style (keroncong) and finally dangdut. In the decade of the 2000s was known campursari forms a mixture of gamelan and keroncong (eg Kena Goda by Nurhana), a mixture of gamelan and dangdut, as well as mixed keroncong and dangdut (congdut, popular songs Didi Kempot). Despite the development campursari criticized by proponents of purity streams of music, all parties agreed that campursari revitalize traditional music in the land of Java.


There are several figures campursari, but that deserves to be discussed here because the effect is strong enough and Didi Kempot Manthous. Regarding these two figures, a full discussion will be written in the following section.

Songwriter and composer

Manthous
Manthous was born in the village of Playen Gunungkidul in 1950. When he was 16 years old, Manthous ventured to Jakarta. The main choice is live singing, which he regards as representing talent. However, in 1969 he joined the orchestra kroncong BintangJakarta [led by Budiman BJ]. Then, in 1976, who is also an expert Manthous founded the band playing bass Bieb characteristically funky blues rock along with the Bieb son of Benjamin S. Bieb Blues last until the year 1980. Then, Manthous joined Idris Sardi, the group Gambang Kromong Benjamin S. In addition, he previously was chief accompanist when it appeared droll Bing Slamet Quartet Jaya Group.

It seems all the experience that makes Manthous master any genre. In the treasure of dangdut, in fact, he also became role model for being able to create play tricks bass, which was then emulated by the bass player dangdut now. In 1993, the Group established the Music Mix Manthous MajuLancar Gunungkidul. The results show the particularities campursari that already exist tune. There is a color of rock, reggae, gambang kromong, and more. There are also songs like Kutut Manggung pure Java, or Asmorondono Bowo, the gamelan tinged keyboards and bass guitar. Shared music group founded in 1993 and composed of relatives or associates sedaerah in Playen Gunung kidul, Yogyakarta, Manthous completing a volume record in Semarang. Sales turnover reached 50,000 tapes each volume, the highest compared cassette tune or kroncong general in mid-year 1990. In addition to singing alone in recording activities Manthuos also features the voices of singers Sulasmi of Sragen, Minul of Gunungkidul, and Sunyahni of Karanganyar. Some of the popular songs include earrings, Nyidamsari, Gandrung, and Kutut Manggung. However, his major work is widely known by the people of Indonesia are getuk was first popularized by Nurafni Octavia. Until before the end of a stroke, joint Manthous Mix Group Maju Lancar Gunung kidul a mecca for lovers of songs and campursari Java style.

Didi Kempot
Didi Prasetyo, or better known as Didi Kempot, is a prominent post-Manthous campursari. Didi Kempot who was born in Solo, December 31, 1966, it was only class II high school dropout. At first the child of Eddy Ranto Gudel, famous comedian Solo was a musician. From the world of the "street" that is, born of his songs that became hits, such as Stasiun Balapan, Terminal Tirtonadi, Tulung, Cucak Rowo, Wen-Chen-Yu, Yang Penting Hepi, and Moblong Moblong. Especially for Cucak Rowo, this song is actually a remake of an old song in Indonesia.

Today, the name of Didi Kempot very well known and has always been associated with tune and Mix Java. Didi is not only famous in Indonesia, but also to Surinam and the Netherlands. In Javanese society or Javanese descent, he was considered a superstar. In fact, when the President of Suriname, Weyden Bosch came to Indonesia in 1998, he personally invited Didi. Thanks to his dedication to music and songs colored Javanese tune, by the Javanese people in the Netherlands, he was later given the title of singer Models Java.

Didi's first album appeared in 1999. In it there is a song Cidro and StasiunBalapan. At first no one looked at his tape trader. Perhaps because the style of music another, and her style is crazy, than a song Manthous and Anjar Any that are popular in the 1990's. However, later, the first album had burst in the market. Since then, Didi became convinced to pursue song-song Java. Brother of comedian Mamiek Prakosa then became one of the icons of the tasters. Bids for the album came with a swift, even he had made ​​12 albums in a single year.

Famous Singers
There are some famous singers in the music world campursari. Among them some have also worked as a songwriter. Some of that should be discussed here, are described in detail below on other occasions.

Manthous

Didi Kempot

Dikin

Anik Sunyahni

Sundari Sukoco

Sonny Josz

Batik is the art of painting on fabric, Original from Java Indonesia

Batik is a craft that has high artistic value and has become part of the culture of Indonesia (especially Java) since long. Javanese women in the past made ​​their skills in batik for a living, so in the past batik work is exclusively women's work until the invention of "Batik Cap" which allows the entry of men into the field. There are some exceptions to this phenomenon, namely the coastal batik masculine lines as can be seen in shades of "Mega Mendung", which in some coastal areas batik work is common for men.


The tradition of batik was originally a hereditary tradition, so that occasionally a recognizable motif batik originated from a particular family. Some batik may indicate the status of a person. Even today, some tadisional motif used only by the family palace of Yogyakarta and Surakarta.

Batik is the ancestral heritage of Indonesia (Java) that until now still exist. Batik is also first introduced to the world by President Suharto, who was then wearing batik at the UN Conference.

Batik Patterns
Batik variety of shades and colors are influenced by various foreign influences. Initially, batik has a variety of shades and colors are limited, and some patterns may only be used by certain circles. However, coastal batik absorb various external influences, such as foreign traders and also in the end, the invaders. Bright colors like red popularized by the Chinese, who also popularized the style phoenix. European colonial nations are also taking interest in batik, and the result is a style previously unknown flowers (like tulips) and also objects brought by the colonizers (the building or horse-drawn carriage), including their favorite colors like blue. Retain traditional batik s type, and is still used in traditional ceremonies, because usually each style has a representation of each.

Ways of Making
Originally batik made ​​on material with white color made ​​of cotton cloth called mori. Today the batik is also made on other materials such as silk, polyester, rayon and other synthetic materials. Batik motif formed by the liquid wax by using a tool called a canting for subtle motifs, or brush to a large motif, so that the liquid wax to seep into the fabric fibers. Fabrics that have been painted with wax and then dyed with the desired color, usually starting from a young colors. Immersion then taken to another motif with color or black older. After some time the coloring process, which has dibatik cloth dipped in chemicals to dissolve the wax.

Some examples of Batik

Gold overlay on a mountain side. Pundak Kiwo [Left shoulder] waterfall

Pundak Kiwo [Left shoulder] waterfall Is administratively located in Ngancar village, sub-district Plaosan and district Magetan. It is a nature that offers beautiful waterfalls as high as ± 45 meters which mix with the natural panorama of mountains and the air is still very natural and fresh in the middle of a thick pine forest.

Accessibility headed to the Pundak Kiwo [Left shoulder] waterfall can be reached by vehicle wheels 2 and 4 followed by a walk through the macadam. Located in the pine forest, the distance to the location of the waterfall about ± 2 km to the rugged and steep topography.
But the beauty nature has to offer is very rare in another waterfall locations, since all the way to the Pundak Kiwo [Left shoulder] waterfall there are 2 other waterfall (the Watu ondo waterfall and jarakan waterfall). All facilities are located on site was built by the local government but now poorly-maintained condition, include: toilets, stall, and gazebo. Perhutani [government agencies that handles forest] as the manager of the area because of the waterfall located in forest Perhutani [government agencies that handles forest] areas. Rates of admission were drawn for the visitors of Rp. 3000, -.

The journey to the Pundak Kiwo waterfall traversed by thick pine forest across the road conditions and steep climb at an altitude of 1476 m above sea level. But during the trip visitors will be pampered with a soothing view of the eye, thick pine forests that stretched along a melodious chirping of birds as if to tell the beauty of natural scenery. After traveling up the road rocky stairs, the faint roar can be heard the sound of water falling from a height of about 45 feet to the base of the rocks, that's called Pundak Kiwo waterfall. The Pundak Kiwo waterfall teletak at the very top of a series of waterfalls in the village Ngancar and is the greatest waterfall / high. The characteristics are similar to waterfall Watu Ondo, where cliffs composed of andesite ballistic staircase steps. Steps-steps are split waterfall flows into water droplets gently. This waterfall is about half an hour from Niagara Jarakan. When viewed from below, the location of the waterfall is located on the left side of the mountain, so called Kiwo Pundak [Left shoulder].

Sights that can be encountered in the area falls